Me and my team did it to inspire and, more importantly, to create the tactics and details around how you, your organization, your startup  can know more about start working on coffee business.

However this deck continues my tradition of training step-by-step guides that give you the exact information I’ve used to run my introduction to coffee class. That includes references like :

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Agricultural practices should preserve the soil fertility, which is the wealth of coffee growers.  If possible increase the organic matter in the soil to promote the microbial life and the exchange capacity.

Whenever a soil is destroy it, It is observed that the coffee quality is affected therefore by contrast coffee trees. It will be healthier on a soil rich in active organic matter. They will have a better leaf area-to-fruit ratio leading to a better quality.

Soil is the main reservoir of mineral nutrients for plants. Roots grow and absorb water and nutrients according to the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil .

For most regions worldwide where coffee is cultivated. the nutritional reservoirs in soil are not sufficient to completely cover the coffee plants’ demand.  it is necessary to continue ousel supply the soil in a balanced way with sufficient amounts of organic and inorganic fertilizers.

Fertilization and Coffee Quality

fertilization does influence this chemical effect and due to the final coffee quality in the cup. Among the macronutrients, those containing nitrogen and potassium are the most predominant in the bean, usually followed by calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and sulfur. The effect of iron and manganese make it to be higher than zinc.

Soil fertility

Possible effect on cup quality , Most acidic coffee are produced on  volcanic soils.

Fertilization

Reduction in percentage of hollowed fruits , Chemical fertilization does not affect  cup quality, Breaking down fertilization applications does not affect cup quality , Fertilization does not affect cup quality

Nitrogen fertilization

Fertilization with nitrocalcium and ammonium nitrate produced lower sensory quality. The higher dosage of ammonium sulfate had negative effects on chemical composition and bean quality , Nitrogen fertilization increased bean N content and affected negatively cup quality

Phosphorus fertilization

Cup quality was negatively affected by the omission of phosphor in the fertilization.

Potassium fertilization

High potassium-K dosage reduced boron and Zinc in the bean. Excessive dosage of that reduced quality in inconsistent manner. , Excess of potassium can induce Mg deficiencies and negatively affect coffee quality , Bean quality improved with dosage.

Micronutrients fertilization

Zinc supply positively affected bean quality in terms of less percentage of medium and small size beans. Lower CBB infestation, lower potassium leaching and electric conductivity.

Higher contents of zinc and Chlorogenic , higher antioxidant activities , Cup quality is not affected by using two sources of Micronutrients .

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There are many factors that make coffee valuable to consumers and one of them is shade effect of growing on coffee quality. Shade matters to some from an environmental perspective; others because they feel it influences the flavor. What I actually know about these important issues is :

The good news is, much research has been done on the ecological and economic impacts of shade-grown coffee. Sadly, there is far less information available on how this influences cup quality. When we hear the term “shade-grown” coffee we many imagine a pristine ecosystem where coffee just happens to be planted and coffee farmer happen to be walking around in the woods picking the beautifully ripe coffee they stumble upon. This romantic vision is rare in the coffee industry. There are, however, varying definitions and variations of forested coffee and agroforestry to consider when thinking of purchasing or promoting such a coffee.

Trees and agroforestry can provide environmental advantages to the planet, and simultaneously in coffee production. Trees act as carbon sinks in the landscape, make oxygen, save water, and provide a myriad of other benefits to the local microclimate and ecosystem. Trees provide the ecosystem with structural and chemical resources. Their roots help prevent erosion. They offer the soil much-needed nutrients from their fallen litter, and certain species can fix nitrogen from the air.

Trees act as buffers to the coffee microclimate. That means that they can act as insulators for the understory, where coffee grows. They can both protect coffee from frost as well as cool the microclimate during very warm weather. Another large way that trees regulate microclimate conditions is through holding moisture in the ecosystem, leaving more water in the soil and therefore theoretically available to coffee plants. There is also evidence that tree cover reduces the leaching of nitrogen from the coffee.

There is a large body of literature supporting the idea that when shade is added to a coffee-growing system, the biodiversity of the ecosystem increases. Here we should stop, and remember that biodiversity is an important intrinsic value. It is a choice to recognize and care about biodiversity. While many of us hold this value, the challenge is to quantify the value of it. How much “better” is a coffee that is produced in a highly diverse environment? Our community faces this challenge daily.

What about flavor: can we taste shade-grown coffee?How does it impact the coffee quality? The answer varies depending on the individual situation. What we do know is that generally, the smaller coffee yield under shading leads to fewer, larger coffee fruits. Also, there is evidence that shade-grown coffee seeds have higher sugar and lipid contents than sun-grown coffee, which may increase the cup quality of coffees. Multiple studies have found that the acidity and body of brewed low-altitude coffee was improved by shading. They suggested that a lower growing temperature (provided by shade) produced a more uniform ripening of berries, which led a better quality cup. However, there are also conflicting studies that have found no perceivable difference in quality. What is the problem here? In the end, unless we understand the biochemistry of fruit ripening time and how this directly affects the chemical composition of coffee seeds and link this to repeatable and consistent flavor differences, it is impossible to say with certainty what is going on. That’s right folks—here is another example of why we reach this same conclusion again and again: more research is needed to help fully understand why coffee tastes the way it does!

Unfortunately, there can also be true drawbacks to shade-grown coffee. In many situations, shade lowers coffee yield, delays ripening, and is more labor-intensive to harvest. These are luxuries that not all producers, as people who must balance costs and benefits, can choose. Any value or perception thereof must make business sense. Fortunately, some farms that use agroforestry can benefit from pricing incentives offered by certification programs. However, the reality is, that the value of shade coffee is not always translated into farmer benefit.

How does it impact the coffee quality?

Where does this leave us? Certainly, flavor alone is not an indicator of whether or not a coffee was shade-grown. Great-tasting specialty coffee can be produced using many/any/all/unknown production strategies. There are real ecological benefits of shade-growing coffee, and there may be quality benefits too. However, if we seek to support this method of coffee growing, we must recognize and value it for its own sake.

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Coffee from Al-Mokha began to be referred to simply as Mocha coffee, a name originally having little to do with the chocolatey coffee drink you can buy today. (Mocha is also used to refer to a coffee varietyoriginating from Yemen, one that the SCA describes as “genetically very close to Bourbon.”)

Yemen coffee has a distinct flavor and aroma. It’s complex earthiness often holds tones of dried fruit, partly due to being dried with the fruit husk. This Arabian Yemen coffee also carries notes of chocolate, cinnamon, cardamom or tobacco. The strongest of these notes is chocolate, which might account for the modern use of the word “Mocha” in association with Yemen coffee.

How It’ Grown ?

Yemen coffee farms are typically small and on the wilder side, with farmers hand-picking the coffee cherries from ancient varieties of Arabica plants growing on gorgeous, terraced mountainsides.

The microclimate has produced drought-resistant coffee plantsthat create very unique, complex-tasting coffee beans with that iconic chocolate flavor The coffee is typically harvested between November and December and is sun-dried, often right on the rooftops of the farmers’ houses! It’s an easy process in the bright and hot Yemeni climate. The leftover cherry husks are also used to create qishr(the local brand of cascara)

Sanani Coffee

First, we have the Sanani variety, which comes from various coffee plants grown in the regions west of the capital city of Sana’a. This region tends to include some crops grown at lower altitudes, and can, therefore, be of lower quality. Beans from this region have a balanced and fruity flavor profile, a medium body, and typically exhibit less acidity than other Yemeni coffees.

Hirazi Coffee

Hirazi coffee also comes from the western regions of the nation, located a couple mountain ranges west of the capital of Sana’a. This coffee tends to be light and fruity, with a winey acidity.

Ismaili Coffee

One of the few categorized ancient coffee tree varieties of Yemen, Ismaili is the name of a coffee plant varietal. Typically grown in central Yemen, it yields a unique, high-quality, pea-like coffee bean that tends to be bright and berryish, though this brightness can be muted. This tree/region name overlap can lead to some confusion regarding whether a particular coffee with this name comes from the region itself, or from a tree of that variety

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The beans we roast, grind, and brew to make coffee are the seeds of a fruit. The coffee plant produces coffee cherries, and the beans are the seeds inside. Coffee trees can naturally grow to over 30 ft/9 m. But producers prune and stump plants short to conserve the plants’ energy and to help harvesting. Smaller trees have better yield and quality in a limited space. Each tree is covered with green, waxy leaves that grow in pairs and coffee cherries grow along its branches. Depending on the variety, it takes three to four years for a coffee plant to produce fruit. The National Coffee Association USA states that the average coffee tree produces 10 lbs. of coffee cherry per year, which results in around 2 lbs of green beans. But there are different varieties of coffee and their beans have many different characteristics. Size, flavor, and disease resistance vary, among other factors. beans, which are the unroasted seeds from inside the ripe coffee cherry. Beneath the cherry skin is a thin layer called the mesocarp, more commonly known as the pulp. Mucilage is the inner layer of the pulp. There’s also a layer of pectin underneath the mucilage. These layers are full of sugars, which are important during the fermentation process. Then we reach the coffee seeds, which are technically called the endosperm but that we know better as beans. There are usually two beans in a coffee cherry, each of which is covered by a thin epidermis known as the silver skin and a papery hull that we call parchment (technically the endocarp). The parchment is usually removed in hulling, which is the first step in the dry milling process. Machines or millstones are used to remove any remaining fruit and the dried parchment from the beans. But sometimes green beans are sold with this layer intact as parchment coffee. The silver skin is a group of sclerenchyma cells that are strongly attached to the beans. These cells form to support and protect the seed. They come off during roasting, when they are known as chaff.

A coffee cherry’s skin is called the exocarp. It is green until it ripens to a bright red, yellow, orange, or even pink, depending on variety. Green coffee cherries shouldn’t be confused with green coffee.

Sometimes there is just one seed inside a coffee cherry and it is rounder and larger that usual. This happens in about 5% of coffee cherries and the beans are known as peaberries. Peaberries can be an anatomical variation of the plant or they can form when there is insufficient pollination and one ovule isn’t fertilized. Sometimes the seed simply fails to grow, whether due to genetic causes or environmental conditions. Peaberries usually occur in the parts of the coffee plant that are exposed to severe weather conditions. There is some debate over whether peaberries have a sweeter and more desirable flavor and they are sometimes sold at a premium. Regardless of whether you think they taste different, their rounded shape allows for better rolling in the roasting drum. So it’s best to keep them apart from other beans to avoid an inconsistent roast. Coffee cherry skin and fruit is usually discarded, but sometimes they are dried to make cascara for tea and other products. It is difficult to remove skin and mucilage from coffee beans and different processing methods have developed to do so. Each method has an effect on the flavor and profile of the final coffee. For example, washed coffee has all of the fruit flesh removed before drying. But in natural coffee the fruit flesh is removed after drying. In honey and pulped natural processing, the skin and sometimes part of the mucilage is removed before drying but the remaining mucilage and other layers are removed after. Leaving the mucilage on results in sweeter coffee with more body. It’s easier to understand why if we compare both dry and wet post-harvest processes. When coffee cherries are taken from the branch, they start to germinate. This uses the sugar in the seed. Germination stops when drying begins. Natural processed coffees go to the drying terrace earlier than pulped naturals or washed coffees. Because of this, more sugars remain in the naturals and you end up with a sweeter bean. Washed coffees have clean, more consistent flavors that can show off a lot of acidity. Natural coffees have a lot more fruitiness, sweetness, and body. The sugars of the mucilage also ferment during both dry and wet processing, and this has an impact on the final flavor. Without careful monitoring and consistent drying, the unpredictable process of fermentation can undesirable qualities. Understanding the basics of the coffee cherry can help you better understand production, processing, and roasting. Next time you are choosing between a natural processed and washed coffee, you can have more confidence in knowing what that means and its impact on your cup.

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Most Arabica coffee trees in cultivation around the world are no more than three or four generations from the wild. What this means is that many features of coffee’s physiology resemble the phenotypes of the Ethiopian landrace varieties from the wild forests. That means they still favor the types of environment found in the cool understory of the wild forests which historically have experienced a winter dry season.

Selected sun adapter cultivars under intensive management conditions have allowed arabica coffee plantations to be spread to marginal regions with average temperatures as high as 24–25ºC, such as in northeastern Brazil On the other hand, in regions with a mean annual temperature below 17–18ºC, growth is largely depressed.

The optimum terroir for arabica coffee is relatively confined to areas that resemble the terroir of the wild forest of Ethiopia and in the same way the anatomy of coffee around the world remain quite similar to landraces from the cloud forests of South Sudan’s Boma plateau and the Ethiopian highlands. First part is the lives the leaves of coffee plants are shiny and usually dark green in color. The leaves have ruffled edges that look like edges of a Kalita wave filter paper. The leaves are usually located in pairs along straight branches. Plants tend to shed leaves by the end of the dry season coinciding with the harvesting period. The leaves of coffee plants don’t react very well to wind stress. High winds can lead to a reduction of leaf area and a shortening of the internode length of the branches. Mature leaves will often reach around 15cm in length. After that the root system of an arabica coffee tree is concentrated in the first 30 cm of soil. It is distributed in a circle of approximately 1.50 m in diameter around the trunk. Unless trained in a special way, most Arabica plants are single trunked. Plants that are multi-trunked have either been stumped to encourage regrowth or pegged down as young saplings to encourage suckers (new potential trunks) to grow up. This is a common practice in Kenya and Uganda.

Flowers

On a branch of a coffee plant, the leaves are arranged in pairs spaced along each branch with a few CMS between them. The meeting point of each pair of leaves is called the axil. It is between the pairs of leaves at the axil that the coffee flowers appear. Unlike most flowering plants, the flower buds occur in clusters of as many as 16 flowers. This is called an inflorescence (a cluster of flowers on one branch). Each flower has five petals which come together in the center to form a funnel-like tube. The calyx is very rudimen­tary, being five-denticulate, and the corolla is white, the five petals being united in a tube to form a salver-shaped corolla. The stamens protrude up above the narrow corolla which looks and smells very much like Jasmin.  Relatively high temperatures during blossoming, especially if associated with a prolonged dry season, may cause flowers to be rejected by the tree. Unseasonably high winds can also reduce yields if flowers are blown off the plant prematurely. Well-defined wet and dry seasons lead to more pronounced flowering patterns. This occurs at the outer edges of the tropics in places like Minas Gerais in Brazil where long summer days (over 13 hr) tend to inhibit flower-bud initiation for 3 or 4 months.

1. The Anther of a Stamen
2. Stigma
3. Anther of a stamen
4. Petal
5. Corolla
6. Calyx
7. Ovary
8. Peduncle (Stem)

After rainy season the flowers bloom and then they dry, fruit come out and flower fall down, then The coffee fruit is often referred to as a cherry or a berry, but in fact, it is a drupe. Other drupes include apricots, peaches and plums. Cherries are also classed as drupes, though berries are a separate category of fruit. (The confusion is compounded here when you consider that strawberries and raspberries are also not classed as berries.) The key to what defines a drupe is the built-in line of weakness in the outside of the pyrene (the stone or kernel) that splits apart and allows the seed to escape. This does not occur with berries such as grapes or red currants.

In this figure number B is a peaberry and A is normal coffee cherry, then a is skin, b is exocarp or pulp, c mesocarp, mucilage or pectin, d is endocarp or parchment , after that there is a skinny and papery layer which is silver skin and after that it is embryo which is the main part.

Peaberries

Peaberries, while sometimes considered a defect, are not associated with any flavour taints. In fact, many roasters tell us that because of the characteristic rugby ball-like shape of peaberries, they are easier to roast than ordinary beans. It is simply the loss of yield that is the problem. research into the formation of peaberries indicates that they are the result of environmental stress, but some plants are more prone to the production of peaberries than others. In some cases, the peaberry may account for as much as 40 percent of the crop. Plants prone to peaberry formation are usually removed from a farm because for every 1 percent of peaberries in a crop, there is a 0.75 percent loss of yield.a research study looking into drip irrigation of coffee plants found that in the first year of cultivation, the test plot without irrigation had a very high percentage of peaberries, at 21 percent of the total crop. The report states, ‘The production of peaberries is partially related to adverse environmental factors, mainly in the flowering and fruiting. So appropriate management of irrigation in these phases provided better conditions for the formation of beans, thus reducing the percentage of peaberries.’ Research demonstrated that air temperatures close to 24º C (1 degree above the upper limit of what is considered optimum for arabica coffee) increases the amount of peaberries harvested .

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Agronomy is the science of plant production for food, fuel, and fiber. The work of an agronomist encompasses plant genetics and physiology as well as meteorology and soil science. This very simple video from USAID agency working in Uganda will give you an impression of some of the areas that an agronomist oversees. In coffee-producing countries, agronomists operate in the field, working directly with coffee farmers and cooperatives.

They are trained to monitor the terroir of a farming area. Through careful measurements, agronomists can advise farms on practical farm management, helping them achieve the correct levels of soil drainage and teaching them how to implement preventative measures against soil erosion. They can help farmers achieve a sustainable planting density and choose the right fertilizers, and they can offer advice on how to prune and manipulate their trees. Agronomists are the interface between the body of scientific research and the local terroir. To better understand this important practice, we talk about it from other point of view :

hoping to understand more about the science of agronomy. When you are making decisions as to what to plant on your farm or you are advising others on what to plant, what measurements do it need to help more is experiment with varieties that have not been planted at the farm. They are in a kind of Coffee Garden, where we have many varieties expressing their phenotype (meaning, how the plant adapts to the environmental conditions, and how it expresses itself in the cup profile). By now, it really like the behavior and taste of Red Bourbon, Yellow Catuai, Pacamara, Geishas, Rume Sudan, and SL28. All of them are yummy, per se, and we like how cup profile is expressed As a result, it takes years before we set it. For example, you should know know Pacamara and Yellow Catuai will not need too much shade, [which is required] by Bourbon, SL28, and … the Geisha varieties we plant at the farm. the elevation, as our cupping trials have shown, has an impact on the level of acidity. also, we have seen that some of the additional flavor attributes will be more pronounced if the coffee flavor is modulated at the wet-mill. For example, Pacamara and Yellow Catuai will score 84 to 85 points if I do a traditional full-washing process.

But if I do an Orange Honey (semi washed) for Yellow Catuai, or a Natural for a Pacamara, the flavor will explode in my mouth. The Bourbons and Geishas have more versatile cherries; their expression will be great as Natural, or semi-washed or a Double Soak process that is a Full Wash variant, on which prefer is the cherries before depulping, and then give its normal dry fermentation. choosing varieties is something that comes down to microclimate, or the right variety perform well across a range of different conditions in the same terroir, but don’t forget Climate and Edaphic Factors absolutely contribute to the final flavor quality of the bean. Bourbon and Geisha will always express better in a forest environment; Its architecture is full, meaning that their leaves will dress completely the plants. Plants with no stress will always express their happiness in the cup profile J Coffee plants, any variety, will express more crispy flavor when a source of water is close to them. I think mist will help the coffee plants to maintain more fresh temperatures, together with good shade, their system is more stable and with more equilibrium; remembering that this system is found at the forests from Ethiopia where the coffee genetics comes from. Also, coffees grown at higher elevations have a higher chance to score high at the cupping table than coffees grown at lower elevations. 70 percent shade determine normal level of shade , It is very important to handle the architecture of the tree and avoid this kind of parasite.

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